Introduction
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The historian’s problem: how the internet became central to American politics
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From broadcast politics to networked politics
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Scope: mid-1990s to present, with focus on movements, subcultures, and flashpoints
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Part I: Foundations – The Birth of Digital Politics (1995–2004)
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The Internet as Frontier
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Early forums, Usenet, bulletin boards
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Libertarians, anarchists, and fringe ideologies online
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The 1998 Clinton impeachment and rise of “digital punditry”
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Blogs, Gatekeeping, and the Early Culture Wars
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Daily Kos, Instapundit, and conservative vs. progressive blogospheres
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Political fact-checking and “citizen journalism”
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The 2000 election and Florida recount as a digital media event
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Iraq War and the Globalization of Protest
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Anti-war forums, IndyMedia, and digital organizing
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Terrorism, surveillance, and the Patriot Act shaping online culture
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Part III: Memes, Movements, and Radicalization (2011–2016)
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From Arab Spring to Occupy
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Global inspirations, hashtag activism (#OWS, #ArabSpring)
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Livestreams and direct democracy experiments
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Failures of translation from digital to institutional politics
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Gamergate and the Culture Wars
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Origins in gamer subculture and online harassment
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The “SJW vs. Anti-SJW” split
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Pathways to the alt-right
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The Rise of Digital Counterpublics
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4chan, Reddit, and meme factories
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BreadTube and leftist YouTube counter-narratives
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Part IV: The Populist Internet (2016–2020)
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Trump, Twitter, and Meme Politics
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Trump’s Twitter feed as political reality
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Pepe the Frog, the “Great Meme War” of 2016
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Disinformation, Pizzagate, and digital conspiracies
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Parallel Ecosystems
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Intellectual Dark Web, Roganverse, and post-liberal critiques
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Turning Point USA and campus conservative networks
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Groyper Wars and alt-right splintering
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Twitch politics: Hasan Piker, Vaush, Destiny, and live debate culture
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Part V: Fragmentation and the Politics of Platforms (2020–2025)
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Pandemic Politics
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COVID-19 protests, anti-mask and anti-vax mobilization online
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Livestream culture during lockdowns
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Conspiracy acceleration: QAnon, Plandemic, 5G fears
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Election Crisis and January 6
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Facebook groups and Stop the Steal
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Parler, Telegram, and alt-tech mobilization
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The Capitol riot as a digital-media performance
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Deplatforming and Migration
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Alex Jones, Trump, and the politics of censorship
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New battles over free speech and digital sovereignty
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Part VI: Concepts, Practices, and Subcultures
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The Lexicon of Digital Politics
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Red pill, black pill, based, doxing, brigading, indirect swarming
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Meme semiotics and symbolic politics
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Digital identities (Kekistan, Wojak, NPC memes)
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The Podcasting Republic
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Chapo Trap House, Cumtown, Killstream, Leftovers
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Entertainment-politics hybrids
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Faith, Identity, and Ideology Online
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Christian nationalism’s digital strategies
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The Mises takeover of libertarianism
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Online feminism, trans rights activism, and reactionary backlash
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Part VII: Legacies and Futures
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What the Internet Did to Democracy
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Polarization, populism, and loss of institutional trust
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From political parties to subcultural tribes
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The blurred line between satire, entertainment, and ideology
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The Next Political Internet
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AI, algorithmic radicalization, and deepfakes
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The rise of encrypted organizing (Signal, Discord, decentralized networks)
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Possible futures: digital democracy or digital civil war?
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Conclusion
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The digital republic as a permanent transformation
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Lessons for historians, policymakers, and citizens
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How America became a nation of networked movements
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